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1. New Hydroponic System for Testing Mineral Nutrient Deficiencies: QuinoaCorrelating plant tissue nutrient concentrations with visual symptoms is valuable in combating mineral nutrient deficiencies and toxicities. Major crops tend to have adequate information regarding nutrient concentrations and visual symptoms of deficiencies, but this is often lacking for minor crops, including quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa L.) Because nutrient concentrations can be easily controlled, hydroponics effectively demonstrate isolated specific nutrient related symptoms. However,... D.L. Cole, D.T. Heidenreich, S.H. Stapley, A.M. Lambert, R.L. Buck, B.G. Hopkins |
2. Estimating Nitrogen Credits from Organic Matter Sources in OrchardsOrchard crops like almonds can effectively utilize different nitrogen (N) sources to meet the high annual N demand for fruit and tree growth. Different fertilizer formulations like urea ammonium nitrate, calcium ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and potassium nitrate are widely and effectively used, and readily available for uptake. Yet, addressing N availability from organic matter sources in orchards, and in turn estimating appropriate N credits... S.S. Khalsa, P.H. Brown |
3. Soil Characteristics of New Mexico Vineyards: Management ImplicationsA growing viticulture industry in New Mexico has sparked a need to establish best management practices for the climate and soil conditions present across the state. A survey of soil and water characteristics in established New Mexico vineyards was performed so that appropriate management strategies could be developed and limitations could be identified. Soil nitrogen levels varied from low to high indicating potential problems. Plant tissue testing needs to be included in a phosphorus nutrition... R. Flynn |
4. Cover Crops and Compost Amendments for Organic Grape ProductionIncreased costs of fertilizers that rely on petroleum products coupled with increased pest control and transportation costs has prompted more management practices that can make use of local waste products and utilize cover crops to reduce purchased inputs. A burgeoning wine industry could benefit from organic production techniques; however, their effects on vine growth and grape quality have not been explored in New Mexico. Alternative vineyard floor management systems were evaluated for organic... A. Ulery, R. Flynn, R. Walser, M. Weiss, S. Guldan |
5. Boron Fertilization of Chile Pepper Under Greenhouse ConditionsMany chile (Capsicum annuum) growers apply boron (B) without knowing if B is actually needed. The application of B has been suggested to improve specific conditions that limit chile productivity such as alleviating blossom-end rot. Two varieties of chile were grown (159 days) under greenhouse conditions in silica sand and irrigated with seven levels of B (no B, 0.025 mg L-1, 0.05 mg L-1, 0.1 mg L-1, 0.25 mg L-1, 0.5 mg L-1, 1.0 mg L-1) and complete nutrient solution. Leaf B increased linearly... W. Lindemann, R. Flynn, C. Carr, R. Steiner |
6. An Excel Based Workbook for Assisting with Water Quality InterpretationsClientele using the NMSU Soil, Water, and Agricultural Testing laboratory, as well other commercial labs, are usually given an irrigation water interpretation guideline in the form of a table with acceptable ranges. This approach, while helpful, does not quickly identify areas of concern to the client nor does it assist with estimating leaching fractions when salinity levels are high enough to warrant reclamation. A Microsoft Excel based workbook was developed to assist professionals and clients... R. Flynn |
7. Evaluation of Soil-applied Eddha-chelated Iron Fertilizer for Use in Correcting Iron Deficiency Symptoms in Mature Pecan Trees in the Pecos Basin, New MexicoSoils in the Pecos Basin of New Mexico are characterized by pH 7.5-8.5 and lime content 15-30%. Under these conditions pecan trees are prone to micronutrient deficiencies; pecan trees throughout the basin exhibit interveinal leaf chlorosis symptoms characteristic of iron (Fe) deficiency. In orchards where the Fe chlorosis symptoms occur, affected trees are typically scattered through the orchard in no apparent pattern. Foliar application of ferrous sulfate fertilizer sprays (as well as other micronutrient... R. Heerema, R. Flynn |
8. The Dos and Don’ts of High Residue Farming in the Irrigated Far West... A. Mcguire |
9. Evaluation of Irrigation Application Management Practices to Protect Groundwater QualityAgricultural management practices relative to irrigation application and type and frequency of nitrogen fertilizer application can impact levels of nitrates in groundwater. In recent history, high levels of nitrates were reported in public water supply wells in Goshen County, WY. Subsequent research efforts concluded that likely sources of nitrate were organic soil nitrogen and ammonium or nitrate fertilizer. Some focus was then turned to agricultural production higher up in the watershed. Best... K. Reddy, A. Wann, C. Wenzel |
10. Development of Leaf Sampling and Interpretation Methods for Almond and Development of a Nutrient Budget Approach to Fertilizer Management in AlmondA five year research project on the use of N in orchards crops has been conducted to 1) to develop early season sampling protocols, and 2) to determine the response of Almond to various rates and sources of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizers, 3) to develop nutrient demand curves and 4) to conduct a long term assessment of nutrient use efficiency with the goal of improving fertilizer management. Leaf and nut samples were taken at 5 stages of development throughout five seasons to determine... P.H. Brown, S. Saa, S. Muhammad, B. Sanden |
11. Reducing Nutrient Losses in Runoff from Furrow IrrigationFew studies have comprehensively examined nutrient losses in runoff from furrow-irrigated fields, but the rising cost of fertilizer and finite nature of the resource encourages further research. A 2-yr experiment measured runoff losses of sediment, particulate P and N, and dissolved NO3-N, NH4-N, K, and reactive P (DRP) from fertilized, manured, or non-amended fields. Average nutrient losses were substantial, including 15.6 lbs ac-1 yr-1 dissolved N, P, and K and 73.6 lbs ac- 1 yr-1 particulate... R. Lentz, D. Westermann, G. Lehrsch |
12. Identifying Saline and Sodic SoilsSoil salinity can become a sever limitation to crop yields and soil quality. Routine evaluation of salinity often involves a 1:1 extract of water to soil. However, salinity tolerance has been defined from saturated paste extracts, not 1:1. Saturated extracts take more time to determine in the lab but is the best method to ascertain crop susceptibility to yield loss. Mathematical conversions from 1:1 to saturated paste are possible to do but may not translate across regions. In a similar way, determine... R. Flynn |
13. Pecan Response to Foliar Nickel ApplicationsNew Mexico’s pecan industry is one of the state’s most important agricultural assets. In 2010, pecan growers in Dona Ana County produced 19,504 kg of pecans, on over 10,000 ha and was worth over $123 million dollars, making Dona Ana county the number one pecan producing county in the nation. Nickel (Ni) is a component of the enzyme urease which is critical for the mobilization of nitrogen within the pecan tree. Deficiency symptoms are often expressed in pecan as a “mouse-ear”... R. Flynn, R. Heerema, S. Moran Duran |
14. The Effect of Cyanobacteria Biofertilizer on Western Colorado Organic Peach Quality and Yield CharacteristicsNitrogen (N) is the nutrient needed by crops in the highest amounts and the production of synthetic N fertilizers contributes the highest proportion of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, when compared to other sectors of agriculture. Cyanobacteria are naturally occurring in most ecosystems and fix nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into forms which are useable by plants. Cyanobacteria was applied along with irrigation water to organically farmed peach trees (Prunus persica cv. Suncrest) as a... D. Sterle, G. Litus, F. Stonaker, S. Ela, J. Davis |
15. Digital Tools to Improve Sustainable Agriculture PracticesVisualizations have been shown to promote learning and understanding and to aid in analysis and problem solving. Many concepts in agriculture are well suited to demonstrations that are used in classroom settings or part of training events. However, many demonstrations are difficult to seed in a large setting, or take more time than can be allotted. A series of demonstrations were either filmed or created in animation to provide a digital means by which trainers could more easily train their students,... R. Flynn, J. Walworth, J. Davenport, A. Ulery, D. Bloedel, J. Gleason |
16. Can the “Diviner” Probe Help Explain Water Use by Field Crops?Farms in New Mexico rely on various methods of irrigation but primarily flood or sprinkler systems. Timing irrigations to meet crop water needs using regulated ditch systems is not based on the actual need of the crops. However, pressurized systems that utilize groundwater have the ability to be adjusted to deliver variable amounts of water. A survey of irrigation practices was done in the Pecos River Valley by installing tubes in fields of pecan, alfalfa, corn, chile, and cotton and scanning... R. Flynn |
17. Do 1:1 Soil Extracts for Salinity Underestimate Leaching Fractions?Soil test laboratories often include 1:1 pH and salinity measures as part of their routine analysis. The saturated paste method is also a choice but may not be selected due to a higher cost associated with the procedure. Historical crop response to salinity has been largely carried out using the saturated paste extract procedure. Plant response estimates to salinity are based on the saturated paste method. Leaching fractions are determined from the saturated paste extract as well. Recommendations... R. Flynn, A. Ulery |
18. Developing Practical Phosphorus and Potassium Tissue Test Recommendations and Utilizing Struvite in Modern Alfalfa SystemsTissue testing whole alfalfa plants at harvest provides opportunities to direct nutrient decision making more accurately. Critical levels developed allow in- season recommendations and applications and would save producers time and effort since growers are already taking samples for hay quality. Three experiments were designed including: P Study with differing rates of P2O5 using monoammonium phosphate (MAP); including: 0, 30, 60, 120, 240 lbs./acre on an 8.1 ppm P soil (Olson P method);... S. Norberg, E. Mackey, S. Fransen, J. Harrison, D. Llewellyn, L. Whitefield |
19. Precision Fertilizer Management Enabled by Printed Sensors for Direct Soil Nitrate MonitoringModern farming relies on intensive fertilizer applications to ensure the plant production. However, a key challenge in fertilizer management, particularly nitrogen, is achieving a balance between maximizing crop yields and pursuing environmental stewardship. Uniform fertilizer applications often result in inefficiencies. Some areas receive insufficient fertilizer, resulting in reduced crop yields and caused financial losses. In contrast, other areas receive excessive amounts, leading to surplus... K. Chen, J. Andrews |
20. What is a Plant Nutrient? Changing Definitions to Advance Science and Innovation in Plant NutritionWe propose a new, more comprehensive definition of mineral plant nutrients that extends beyond the current narrow criteria. This expanded definition encompasses not only essential elements but also those that are beneficial for plant growth, development, or quality attributes across various species and environments. The proposed definition recognizes elements with clear metabolic functions and those that enhance plant productivity, crop quality, resource use efficiency, stress tolerance, or pest... P.H. Brown |