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1. A Low Volume Continuous Gradient Dosing System for Rapid Plant Response ScreeningEarly tolerance experiments required a tedious and time consuming delivery process that additionally limited the number of replications and treatments performed (DeMalach et al., 1996). Many treatment delivery systems have been used in tolerance screening experiments, the more flexible of these being a trickle irrigation system known as the double emitter source (DES), or double drip line system. The techniques of the DES were adapted in this study by providing for a larger number of treatmen... A. Hawks, G. Cardon |
2. Advances in Nutrient Use EfficiencyThe improvement of fertilizer efficiency is driven by narrow profit margins, environmental concerns, and resource conservation. Fertile soil is the foundation for food production and successful civilizations; it is developed and maintained through the addition of nutrients lost through harvest. However, nutrient uptake by plants is inherently inefficient and the nutrients remaining in the soil after uptake can cause negative air and water resource impacts. In addition, poor fertilizer efficie... B. Hopkins |
3. Advancing Nitrogen and Irrigation Management for Row Crops and Biofuel Crops in the Western USNitrogen, irrigation and N by irrigation studies from West Texas and central Arizona are discussed. In the first study with surface drip, deficit irrigation, N fertilizer rate response was observed with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in 50 and 75 % ET replacement, but not with dryland or 25 % ET. Irrigation level response was evident with LEPA in two of three years in Lamesa Texas, but not in a wet, third year. Variable-rate N showed a more consistent response than blanket-rate N in that... K. Bronson, J. Mon, D. Hunsaker, G. Wang |
4. Agronomic and Economic Comparison of Conventional and Direct-seeding in the Intermediate Rainfall ZoneThe predominant dryland cropping system in the low (<12 inch) and intermediate (12- 18 inch) rainfall areas of the Pacific Northwest (PNW) is winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) summer-fallow using conventional tillage. Tillage increases the rate of soil organic matter oxidation which has an adverse effect on soil physical, biological and chemical properties. A field experiment comparing conventional tillage-based summer- fallow with chemical summer-fallow and direct-seeding ... S. Petrie, S. Albrecht, D. Long |
5. Agronomic Biosolids Application Rates for Dryland Wheat Across a Range of Northwest Climate ZonesPredicting agronomic rates is important to derive optimum economic and environmental benefits from biosolids fertilizer applications. We conducted this research to 1) evaluate dryland wheat response to biosolids applications over a range of climate zones in the Pacific Northwest and 2) compare agronomic application rates predicted from yield curves with those predicted from published extension guidance. We applied a range of biosolids rates during the fallow year in ten on-farm dryland wheat ... A. Bary, D. Sullivan, C. Cogger |
6. Alfalfa Tissue and Seed Yield Response to Applied BoronAlfalfa seed production can be limited by low boron (B) and information on tissue tests used for indicating B needs is lacking. Alfalfa seed trials were conducted in 2007 and 2008 in a silt loam to compare B concentrations in reproductive tissues (buds and flowers) with more traditional upper stems for reflecting available B. Factorial combinations of mid April knifed-in B (main plots) at three rates and four subplot foliar B timing treatments (non-treatment or 0.4 lb B/A at bud, flowering, a... B. Brown |
7. Ammonia in the Columbia River GorgeAir in the Columbia River Gorge (CRG), a national monument, is impacting vegetation, haze and even rock hieroglyphs. Air quality in the CRG is derived from three geographical locations, the Gorge itself, West of the Cascades and East of the Cascade Mountains. Paper mills, power plants, wood burning stoves, forest fires, combustion engines, agriculture... all contribute to CRG haze. Ammonia is an important player in CRG haze. Ammonia combines with NOx and SOx to form ammonium sulfate and ammon... D. Horneck |
8. Ammonia VolatilizationLittle work has been reported on the loss of ammonia from soils where fertilizers have been applied in an undisturbed environment. There are a multitude of studies that have used a chamber of some sort to estimate ammonia loss. The use of a chamber of some sort means that the environment has to be altered making the data derived suspect when translated into a loss number such as kg/ha. The advent of passive vertical flux method by Wood et al., 2000 at Aubrn University in Alabama, allows for t... J. Holcomb, D. Horneck, G. Clough, D. Sullivan |
9. An Evaluation of the Effects of Diversified Cropping Systems on Soil Organic Matter, Nutrient Dynamics, Yield and Economics of Dry Land Winter Wheat and Irrigated Sugar Beet in WyomingThe overall objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of different cropping systems and irrigation methods used by Wyoming farmers on soil chemical, biological and physical properties, yield, economic returns and long term ecological sustainability of dryland and irrigated crop production. The Project, which is being carried out on dryland winter wheat systems in the Albin and Slater areas and on irrigated sugar beet systems in the Big Horn basin near Powell, will ... J. Norton, E. Mukhwana |
10. An Excel Based Workbook for Assisting with Water Quality InterpretationsClientele using the NMSU Soil, Water, and Agricultural Testing laboratory, as well other commercial labs, are usually given an irrigation water interpretation guideline in the form of a table with acceptable ranges. This approach, while helpful, does not quickly identify areas of concern to the client nor does it assist with estimating leaching fractions when salinity levels are high enough to warrant reclamation. A Microsoft Excel based workbook was developed to assist professionals and clie... R. Flynn |
11. Best Management Practices (Bmps) for Ammonia Emissions Reduction from Animal Feeding Operations: a Colorado Case StudyAmmonia emissions from agriculture are a growing concern, in particular, in Colorado where nitrogen deposition in Rocky Mountain National Park has highlighted public concerns. Due to the high level of political pressure on agriculture to reduce its emissions, the agricultural community in Colorado has recently developed a Rocky Mountain National Park Ag Strategy for decreasing ammonia emissions from agriculture and nitrogen deposition in the park. The strategy includes the completion of a tho... J. G. davis, A. Elliott, N. Marcillac, J. Pritchett, C. Stewart, A. Mink |
12. Biochar Usage: Pros and ConsSoil fertility benefits of charcoal application have been reported as early as 1847 indicating that plant nutrients are sorbed within charcoal pores. The use of biomass-derived black carbon or biochar, the solid byproduct from the pyrolysis processing of any organic feedstock, has garnered recent attention as a potential vehicle for carbon sequestration and a beneficial soil conditioner. However, most of the past biochar research has focused on improving the physico-chemical properties of tro... R. Lentz, J. Ippolito, K. Spokas, J. Novak, H. Collins, J. Sterubel |
13. Biochar Volatile Matter Content Effects on Plant Growth and Nitrogen Transformations in a Tropical SoilBiochars made from modern pyrolysis methods have attracted widespread attention as potential soil amendments with agronomic value. A series of greenhouse experiments and laboratory incubations were conducted to assess the effects of biochar volatile matter (VM) content on plant growth, nitrogen (N) transformations, and microbial activities in an acid tropical soil. High VM biochar inhibited plant growth and reduced N uptake with and without the addition of fertilizers. Low VM charcoal supplem... J. Deenik, A. Mcclellan, G. Uehara |
14. Biofuel Byproducts As Nitrogen Sources for CropsThe new development of ethanol and biodiesel plants in the United States is creating a large, and potentially excessive, quantity of byproducts in the forms of distillers grains and oilseed meals. The organic nitrogen (N) compounds in these byproducts rapidly mineralize in soils, showing the potential to be used as a N fertilizer source to plants. The objective of this research is to evaluate the application of biofuel byproducts on yield, size distribution, and nutrient uptake for Russet Uma... A. Moore, A. Alva, H. Collins, R. Boydston |
15. Boron Fertilization in PotatoThe high value of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), its inefficient rooting system and the low organic matter content of sandy soils on which potatoes are cultivated result in widespread application of boron (B) and other micronutrients. However, in times of cost trimming, B may become an omitted input regardless of soil test values. Further, soil tests for B may need to be updated for higher yields, better management or improved soil test methods. Russet Burbank potato was grown a... B. Webb, B. Hopkins, J. Ellsworth, V. Jolley, R. Callahan |
16. Boron Fertilization of Chile Pepper Under Greenhouse ConditionsMany chile (Capsicum annuum) growers apply boron (B) without knowing if B is actually needed. The application of B has been suggested to improve specific conditions that limit chile productivity such as alleviating blossom-end rot. Two varieties of chile were grown (159 days) under greenhouse conditions in silica sand and irrigated with seven levels of B (no B, 0.025 mg L-1, 0.05 mg L-1, 0.1 mg L-1, 0.25 mg L-1, 0.5 mg L-1, 1.0 mg L-1) and complete nutrient solution. Leaf B increased linearly... W. Lindemann, R. Flynn, C. Carr, R. Steiner |
17. Choosing Your Nitrogen Fertilizers Based on Ammonia VolatilizationUntil recently we have not been able to measure ammonia volatilization without impacting the surrounding environment. In the past we have used closed chambers with acid traps. These closed chambers did not reflect surrounding weather conditions, at the minimum both temperature and wind were influenced. The use of the vertical flux method allows ammonia in the air to be monitored and modeled to reflect ammonia loss without any interference of the surrounding environment. ... D. Sullivan, D. Horneck, J. Holcomb, G. Clough |
18. Climate Change and Nutrient ManagementClimate change models for the intermountain region of eastern Oregon and Washington project warmer and wetter winters with warmer and drier summers. Crop response to the projected climate change conditions were estimated using CropSyst. The anticipated climate changes and increasing CO2 levels are projected to result in greater yields of winter wheat with relatively small changes in yields of spring wheat, potatoes and apples. Greater yields will require increased nutrient supply and inc... S. Petrie |
19. Comparing Nutrient Availability in Low Fertility Soils Using Ion Exchange Resin Capsules and Plant Bioavailability Under Greenhouse ConditionsCommonly used soil resin analysis procedures have generally been developed to determine nutrient levels in agriculture soils. The purpose of the resin capsule procedure is to determine the amount of nutrient that correlates to that which is plant available. Desert soils contain lower levels of nutrients than agricultural soils, thus the validity of using resin capsules for desert soils is uncertain. In a previous incubation study it was determined that ion exchange resin capsules can be used ... B. Webb, B. Hopkins, M. Pletsch, D. Cook, M. Vickery, V. Jolley |
20. Comparison of Induced Sludge Bed (Blanket) Anaerobic Reactor to Vertical Plug Flow Technology for Animal Manure Digestion1The purpose of this study was to compare Induced Sludge Bed Anaerobic Reactor (IBR) (Hansen, Hansen, 2005) animal manure digestion technology to Vertical Plug Flow (VPF). In 2008 an IBR system at Sunderland Dairy Farm in Chester, Utah was repaired and retrofitted by Utah State University (USU), Extension, Utah Science, Technology and Research Initiative (USTAR), and Sunderland Dairy Farm. This was the first time research has compared IBR and VPF digester performance at a single site in a side... J. Gale, P. Zemke, B. Wood, S. Sunderland, S. Weeks |
21. Comparison of Three Buffer Methods to Determine Lime Requirement in Columbia Basin Region of Washington StateWeakly buffered soils of Washington State that have seen considerable pH change over the years due to use of ammonia based fertilizer products. Because these soils are weakly buffered and lime (CaCO3) requirement (LR) tests commonly report no lime is needed, a test that is sensitive enough for these conditions is preferred. Also, reagents used in some lime buffer methods are carcinogenic and/or toxic. A new buffer (Sikora) has been developed to work similarly to the commonly used SMP, but wit... K. Bair |
22. Cool Season Mineralization of Recalcitrant Organic N in Undisturbed Cores of Manured SoilsThe objectives of this study were to (1) quantify cool season N mineralization from recalcitrant organic N in soils with a long history of manure application and (2) examine the relationship between cool season recalcitrant organic N mineralization and a fall mineralizable N index. “Cool season” was defined as October to February for fields with winter crops and October to May for fields with no winter crops. Two in situ trials were conducted with undisturbed so... D. Moberg, D. Sullivan, R. Johnson |
23. Cover Crops and Compost Amendments for Organic Grape ProductionIncreased costs of fertilizers that rely on petroleum products coupled with increased pest control and transportation costs has prompted more management practices that can make use of local waste products and utilize cover crops to reduce purchased inputs. A burgeoning wine industry could benefit from organic production techniques; however, their effects on vine growth and grape quality have not been explored in New Mexico. Alternative vineyard floor management systems were evaluated for orga... A. Ulery, R. Flynn, R. Walser, M. Weiss, S. Guldan |
24. Cover Crops for Nitrogen Management in Irrigated Cropping SystemIn perennial fruit cropping systems, the inter-row offers on opportunity to grow a cover crop that then can be used to supply nitrogen (N) to the fruit crop. We conducted research in both Concord grape and Gala apple to evaluate the potential of cover crops to supply N to the crop. Based on continuous monitoring of plant available NO3-N by using PRSTM ion exchange resin probes, we found that in Concord grape, while both hairy vetch and yellow sweet clover did not release quite as much N ... J. Davenport, K. Bair, D. Granastein |
25. Crop Management Effects on Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Irrigated Systems1The paper objective is to present an overview of the greenhouse gas research results from tillage and N fertility studies conducted by USDA-ARS on irrigated cropping systems near Fort Collins, Colorado from 2002–2010. Within agronomic N rates needed to optimize irrigated crop yields in the Central Great Plains, a linear increase in growing season nitrous oxide (N2O-N) emissions was observed from a clay loam soil with increasing fertilizer N rate. Averaged over a 5 yr period (2002-2006),... A. Halvorson |
26. Deficit Irrigation in Vineyards of Washington StateIn Washington State the primary wine grape producing areas lie within the rainshadow of the Cascade Range and receive little precipitation throughout the year and especially during the summer. Wine grape producers take advantage of the arid conditions and use irrigation management to control vine growth and vigor. The precise control of irrigation timing and amount also affects the wine making characteristics of the fruit produced. A Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L) vineyard was use... B. Riley, R. Smithyman, J. Harbertson |
27. Delivery of Soil Science to Farmers Using Advanced Simulation Tools: a 10 Year Case StudyTechnologies that aid in farm management and input application can increase profitability only if they readily show an advantage that the farmer can measure (Walton 2010). Western Ag Labs Ltd. (WAL) is a soil science laboratory which provides an educational soil service to producers of Western Canada using the PRSTM Technology. The service provides their customers access to advanced simulation tools that serves as a decision support system for Crop Nutrition Planning (CNP). The PRSTM technolo... K. Greer, D. Wildfong, D. Hicks, E. Hammermeister |
28. Demonstration of Veris Nir Soil Carbon Mapping TechnologyThe new VERIS Technologies Near Infra Red (NIR) Spectrophotometer compares soil spectral measurements with soil carbon (C) and other properties. These data can be utilized to generate maps of soil characteristics across the landscape. This potentially useful system may simplify the measurement of important soil properties, provide a new tool for evaluation of residue conservation management practices, and guide farmers in soil management decisions based on data heretofore unavailable. While g... P. Carter, S. Van vleet, E. Perry, S. Young, F. Pierce |
29. Determining Plant Available Nitrogen from Manure and Compost Topdressed on an Irrigated PastureComposting manure is a practice that is gaining acceptance as an environmentally sound manure management practice at large animal production operations. Composting produces a value-added product that enhances the fertility and physical properties of soil. During the composting process, nitrogen and phosphorus in the original feedstocks are converted through microbial activity into predominantly stable organic compounds, lessening the risk of loss of these nutrients into the environment. Compo... J. G. davis, T. Bauder, K. Corwin doesken, A. Elliott |
30. Developing Extension Guidance for Management Effects on Ammonia Loss: a Computer Simulation Modeling ApproachComputer simulation models provide insight into ammonia loss processes and the sensitivity of ammonia loss predictions to environmental and management variables. As an example of how a simple computer simulation model can inform the Extension guideline development process, the ALFAM (Ammonia Volatilization from Field-Applied Animal Slurry) model was used to estimate NH3 loss from surface- applied municipal biosolids: liquid (3% dry matter) and dewatered (22% dry matter). Model ... D. Sullivan |
31. Development and Use of the OSU Organic Fertilizer and Cover Crop CalculatorFarm advisory visits in Oregon highlighted the need for decision tools to help farmers and agricultural professionals estimate nitrogen (N) mineralization from organic fertilizers and cover crops, design balanced fertilizer plans and identify the most cost effective nutrient management options. Laboratory and field research was conducted to develop N mineralization models for organic fertilizers and compost based on the total percent N. Field methods for estimating cover crop biomass and tota... N. Andrews, D. Sullivan, J. Julian, K. Pool |
32. Development of Leaf Sampling and Interpretation Methods for Almond and Development of a Nutrient Budget Approach to Fertilizer Management in AlmondA five year research project on the use of N in orchards crops has been conducted to 1) to develop early season sampling protocols, and 2) to determine the response of Almond to various rates and sources of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizers, 3) to develop nutrient demand curves and 4) to conduct a long term assessment of nutrient use efficiency with the goal of improving fertilizer management. Leaf and nut samples were taken at 5 stages of development throughout five seasons to deter... P.H. Brown, S. Saa, S. Muhammad, B. Sanden |
33. Dicarboxylic Acid Polymer (Avail®) Phosphorus Fertilizer Additive: ReviewImproving P use efficiency (PUE) is desirable but difficult due to poor P solubility in soils. A dicarboxylic acid copolymer (AVAIL®) fertilizer additive may enhance PUE due to increased P solubility as a result of sequestering of interfering cations. Field trials have been conducted on a wide variety of crops, with results to AVAIL addition to P fertilizer mixed—seemingly related primarily to soil test P concentrations and fertilizer P rate. Positive results were seen in many of th... B. Hopkins, C. Ransom |
34. Differences in How Late Season Soil Vs. Foliar Nitrogen Fertilizer Supplements Affects Riesling YanDuring the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons, 0, 15, or 30 lbs/A N was applied in split applications as either soil (simulated drip) or foliar applications to a commercial Riesling vineyard with a history of low vine N. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. To assess the impact of the supplemental N applications on vine vigor, shoot lengths were measured weekly and pruning weights collected during the dormant season (2012/2013 pruning not yet conducted). Fruit was harvested within 2 days of comm... J. Davenport, M. Mccoy |
35. Dig It! the Secrets of Soil a Primer on the Smithsonian Soils ExhibitThis past summer the Soil Science Society of America (SSSA) opened an exhibition entitled, “Dig It! The Secrets of Soil”. It resides at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History in Washington D.C., and represents a huge step forward in our Society’s efforts to educate youth about soils and to pique their interest in studying soils. ... G. Peterson |
36. Drinking Water Nitrate and Irrigated Agriculture in CaliforniaNitrate contamination of groundwater in California has led to new government regulation of agricultural practices in the state’s Central Valley (CV) and Central Coast Regions (CC, which includes the Salinas Valley). Regulations in 2007 were imposed on dairies in the Central Valley, but more recently, all irrigated farming in both regions has been targeted. These regulations require monitoring and reporting (e.g., of fertilizer and manure applications), nutrient management plans, and adh... S. Pettygrove |
37. Economic Model to Determine Optimum Nitrogen Rates for Small GrainsNitrogen (N) fertilizer is generally the highest input cost for Montana grain growers; therefore, it has become imperative that a tool be developed to assist crop advisers and farmers in determining economically optimum N rates (EONR). Data from all available MSU-conducted N fertility trials were gathered for spring wheat, winter wheat, and barley. Only the data sets for dryland fields following fallow were deemed large enough to have confidence in any resulting models, and all other data wer... C. Jones, D. Griffith, G. Jackson |
38. Economics of Fertilization Under Site-specific Management ZonesSite-specific management of crop fields using variable rate application of inputs to manage in-field variability has now been around for over 15 years. However, the degree to which site-specific management strategies increase farm profitability is not well established. The objectives of this study were: to compare uniform and variable-rate Nitrogen (N) management strategies across productivity level site-specific management zones and to identify the most profitable N management strategy. This... R. Khosla, D. Westfall, W. Frasier, B. Koch |
39. Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Cropping System on Soil Nutrient Levels in a Long-term StudyDiversified continuous cropping systems in semi-arid regions of the northern Great Plains may enhance sustainability. A study initiated in 2000 in southwest Montana was designed to evaluate crop productivity and economic returns for no- till and organic rotations that included small grains, pulses, and oilseeds. Our specific objective presented here was to compare soil nutrient differences from 2004 to 2012, to learn if economically superior rotations were building or depleting soil nutrients... C. Jones, P. Miller, T. Rick, A. Mccauley |
40. Effectiveness of Soil-applied Zinc for PecansPecan trees [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] are very sensitive to Zn deficiency when grown in alkaline soils due to the formation of insoluble Zn hydroxides and carbonates which have low availability to pecan roots. We tested the efficacy of soil applied Zn-EDTA, Zn-Avail®, and ZnSO4 plus animal manure for supplying Zn to young pecans. Zn-EDTA supplied adequate Zn to potted pecan trees for one season only. The other soil Zn treatments had no appreciable effect. A soil s... J. Walworth, H. Nunez moreno, K. Stevens |
41. Efficient N Fertility and Irrigation Management in Vegetable and Berry ProductionNitrogen (N) fertility and irrigation management for vegetable and berry production has historically been done on an ‘agronomic’ basis, with the sole focus on producing the optimal crop. For these crops N fertilizer and water costs are a small portion of overall production costs, and an even smaller portion of crop value; consequently, these inputs have not been scrutinized as closely as they have been for lower value crops. However, throughout the West concern over environmental ... T. Hartz, R. Smith, M. Cahn |
42. Efficient N Management for High-yield Vegetable ProductionVegetable production is an N-intensive industry; rates of N fertilization can be very high, particularly where multiple crops per year are produced. In vegetable production areas across the country high nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) concentration in surface water and groundwater is focusing regulatory scrutiny on fertilization practices. Furthermore, escalating energy prices mean higher N fertilizer costs, making efficient N management an economic as well as an environmental necessity. The basic p... T. Hartz |
43. Elemental Sulfur with Iron: Kentucky BluegrassIron (Fe) is known to improve greenness of Kentucky bluegrass (KBG; Poa pratensis L.), although applications are relatively costly and labor intensive. A new fertilizer material, elemental sulfur impregnated with Fe (ES-Fe), may provide an alternative source of Fe for KBG. The effects of ES-Fe on KBG was evaluated comparing 55 lb-Fe ac-1 ES-Fe to ferrous sulfate (FS) at the same rate and chelated Fe as a foliar (CF) or soil applied (CS) in a glasshouse study. A separat... B. Hopkins, B. Webb, K. Marcroft, R. Christenson, V. Jolley |
44. Emissions of Ammonia and Greenhouse Gasses from Dairy Production Facilities in Southern IdahoIdaho is one of the top three milk producing states in the United States. While this commodity group is a very valuable part of the economy, there is concern over the impact of these production facilities on the generation of ammonia (NH3) and greenhouse gases (methane, CH4 and nitrous oxide, N2O) which are linked to air quality degradation and global warming. To gain a better understanding of the on-farm emissions from these production facilities, we monitored both cattle housing and ma... A.B. Leytem, D. Bjorneberg, R.S. Dungan |
45. Evaluating Potential Impacts of Land-applied Food Processing By-products on Soil Quality and Plant NutrientsFood processing canneries, especially those using raw fruit, nut, and vegetable- base materials, generate various types of by-products or non-hazardous wastes. The constituents of these wastes are dependent on the source of raw material and the substances associated with the canning processes. The use of land-applied non-hazardous wastes as an agricultural soil amendment is projected to rise because of public concerns regarding environmental impact and economic restraints of their disposal to... S. Pasakdee, N. Dellavalle |
46. Evaluation of Irrigation Application Management Practices to Protect Groundwater QualityAgricultural management practices relative to irrigation application and type and frequency of nitrogen fertilizer application can impact levels of nitrates in groundwater. In recent history, high levels of nitrates were reported in public water supply wells in Goshen County, WY. Subsequent research efforts concluded that likely sources of nitrate were organic soil nitrogen and ammonium or nitrate fertilizer. Some focus was then turned to agricultural production higher up in the watershed. Be... K. Reddy, A. Wann, C. Wenzel |
47. Evaluation of N Uptake Analysis As a Tool for Determing Potato N StatusPlant tissue testing has become the primary method for evaluating nitrogen availability for potatoes during the growing season. This study was conducted to determine if plant N uptake rates referenced to absorbed solar radiation could also be used as a tool to quantitatively assess plant N status of different potato varieties. Nitrogen fertilizer, as NH4NO3 (34-0-0), was applied to Russet Burbank, Gem Russet, Bannock Russet and Summit Russet at three rates (0, 100, or 300 kg N/ha) using ... J. Stark, S. Love, C. Mcintosh |
48. Evaluation of Soil Salinity Conditions in California Central Coast Winegrape VineyardsSoil salinity conditions in the winegrape vineyard areas of the California Central Coast were assessed by regional surveys of surface soils over multiple years, and by comprehensive evaluations of deeper salinity profiles at select locations. The multiple-year survey indicated that salinity conditions were increasing significantly, during a period characterized by below-average rainfall for the region. The survey also indicated that salinity conditions were at levels which would be expected t... M. Battany |
49. Evaluation of Soil-applied Eddha-chelated Iron Fertilizer for Use in Correcting Iron Deficiency Symptoms in Mature Pecan Trees in the Pecos Basin, New MexicoSoils in the Pecos Basin of New Mexico are characterized by pH 7.5-8.5 and lime content 15-30%. Under these conditions pecan trees are prone to micronutrient deficiencies; pecan trees throughout the basin exhibit interveinal leaf chlorosis symptoms characteristic of iron (Fe) deficiency. In orchards where the Fe chlorosis symptoms occur, affected trees are typically scattered through the orchard in no apparent pattern. Foliar application of ferrous sulfate fertilizer sprays (as well as other ... R. Heerema, R. Flynn |
50. Exploring Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizers for Vegetable and Melon Crop Production in California and ArizonaVarious forms of polymer coated urea (PCU) were examined as sources of controlled release nitrogen for production of cauliflower, watermelon, carrot, and spinach in Arizona or California. Studies were designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of PCU for supplying 100 percent of the fertilizer nitrogen needed for an entire growing season in a single pre-plant application. In each study, two or more N rates were tested. PCU having an appropriate release time for a given set of growing condition... R. Smith, A. Blaylock, E. Ellison, C. Sanchez |
51. Forecasting Crop Nutrition Needs Using the Plant Root Simulator (PRStm) TechnologyConventional soil testing is based on the premise that a chemical extraction will reflect the soil nutrient supply to plants. The shortfalls of this approach have been evidenced by the numerous studies conducted over the past 50 years aimed at improving soil test methods. Radiotracer studies in the 1960’s where pivotal in shifting thinking away from nutrient concentration and toward mechanisms of nutrient supply. Barber (1995) first coined the term soil nutrient bioavailability&nbs... K. Greer |
52. Grain Protein Content and Composition of Winter Wheat Cultivars Under Different Levels of N and Water StressThis study investigated the combined influences and interactions of N fertilization and moisture deficit during grain-fill on wheat grain protein content and grain protein composition of nine white winter wheat cultivars. Grain was obtained from seven HWW wheat cultivars and two soft white winter (SWW) wheat cultivars grown under line-source irrigation systems at two Oregon locations during two years. The low N level treatment consisted in a single fertilization of 150 lb N/a in Mar... A. Ross, C. Saint pierre, C. Peterson, J. Ohm, M. Verhoeven, M. Larson, B. Hoefer |
53. Highbush Blueberry Response to Compost and SulfurHighbush blueberry is adapted to soils with high organic matter and acidic pH, and it is often grown in Oregon with coniferous sawdust as a soil amendment or mulch. Composts could provide an alternative to sawdust, but acidification is needed to overcome high pH. Our objectives were to (i) predict the quantity of acidity needed to reduce compost pH to 4.8 (ideal for blueberry), (ii) determine compost characteristics suited for blueberry, and (iii) evaluate plant growth response and soil pH re... D. Sullivan, R. Costello, D. Bryla, B. Strik, J. Owens |
54. Impact of an Enhanced Nitrogen Fertilizer (ESN) on Irrigated Crop Production in South Central MontanaTrials were conducted at the Montana State University Southern Agricultural Research Center in Huntley, MT using ESN (44% N, Agrium Advanced Technologies) in combination with urea (45% N) on three different irrigated crops: spring wheat, corn, and sugar beet. Each experiment was a randomized complete block with 4 replications using either 4 or 6 nitrogen rates in combination with 6 or 4 mixing ratios of ESN:urea, plus one unfertilized check for a total of 25 treatments. Urea and ESN were weig... K. Mcvay, K. Kephart, Q. Khan |
55. Improving Phosphorus Use Efficiency with Carbond PPhosphorus (P) fertilizer is integral for maximizing crop production and is used abundantly to achieve desired yields. However, reduction of P fertilizer is warranted, as it is the primary source of nutrient pollution in surface waters (eutrophication leading to hypoxia) and is derived from non-renewable mineral resources. Two research studies were conducted in 2009 to evaluate a new fertilizer product, Carbond® P against traditional fertilizers ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and monoammoni... B. Hopkins, B. Webb, M. Hill, C. Ransom |
56. Influence of Dairy Manure Applications on Corn Nutrient UptakeCorn silage is the predominant crop in Idaho used for recovering phosphorus (P) that has accumulated in soils from dairy manure applications. However, little is known about how much phosphorus and other nutrients are being recovered under Idaho conditions. The objective of the study is to estimate phosphorus removal by irrigated corn silage crops cultivated throughout Southern Idaho with variable soil test P concentrations, and to identify effects of increasing soil test P on potassium (K), c... A. Moore, B. Brown, J. Ippolito, S. Hines, M. De haro marti, C. Falen, M. Chahine, T. Fife, R. Norell |
57. Inhibitors, Method and Time of Nitrogen Application for Improved Winter Wheat Production in Central MontanaThe contribution of nitrogen (N) fertilizer to boost yield and improve quality is unquestionable. Inefficient use of applied N is economically significant and environmentally unsafe. Ammonia loss can exceed 40% of applied N. Nitrogen leaching is polluting wells. Use of urease and nitrification inhibitors along with appropriate timing and method of nitrogen application can reduce nitrogen loss, improve yield and quality of wheat. This experiment investigated the effect of timing and method of ... Y. Mohammed, T. Jensen, J. Heser, C. Chen |
58. Integrating Fertilizer and Manure Nitrogen Sources in Irrigated AgricultureSharp increases in fertilizer prices are pushing growers to consider alternative nutrient sources for their crops. For growers in the western U.S. who produce crops in regions that also contain intensive animal production, manure can be a very affordable alternative nutrient source to chemical fertilizers. However, manure does not have the appropriate balance of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and other nutrients to meet the nutrient needs of most crops. The goal of this article ... A. Moore |
59. Irrigated Small Grain Residue Management Effects on Soil Properties and Nutrient CyclingThe effects of straw removal from irrigated wheat and barley fields on soil properties and nutrient cycling is a concern due to its potential impact on the sustainability of agricultural production. The demand for animal bedding and the potential development of cellulosic ethanol production will likely increase straw demand in the future. Previous reviews addressing changes in soil properties when crop residues are removed focused primarily on rain-fed systems. This paper reviews published re... D. Tarkalson, B. Brown, D. Bjorneberg, H. Kok |
60. Irrigation and Nitrogen Management Web-based Software for Lettuce ProductionLettuce growers on the central coast of California are under increased regulatory pressure to reduce nitrate loading to ground and surface water supplies. Two tools available to farmers to improve nitrogen use efficiency of lettuce are the quick nitrate soil test (QNST) for monitoring soil mineral nitrogen levels and weather-based irrigation scheduling for estimating water needs of the crop. We developed a web-based software application, called CropManage (https://ucanr.edu/cropmanage), to fa... M. Cahn, R. Smith, T. Hartz, B. Noel |
61. Is Protein Enough for Assessing Wheat Flour Quality?The quality of wheat products such as bread, bagels, noodles or pizza that consumers purchase is based on the flour quality used in production. Flours with different characteristcs are needed to produce different products and flour quality is important to produce a quality end product. However, at the initial stage of flour production, wheat is sold on a grain protein premium basis by farmers to elevators and eventually millers. In many years, higher protein (> 15% protein) wheat can bring... C. Reese, D. Clay, D. Beck, R. Englund |
62. K Fixation and Significance for Crop ProductionSome cultivated soils in California found on the east side of the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) and derived from granitic parent material have the capacity to fix added K, making it unavailable or less available to crops. The main soil mineral responsible for K fixation is vermiculite, which is a weathering product of mica, and which can occur in the clay, silt, and fine-sand size fractions. We have developed a model that predicts the location of K-fixing soils in the region and a practical soil t... S. Pettygrove, T. O'geen, R. Southard |
63. Managing Alfalfa Under Low Water or Drought ConditionsThere are several aspects to managing alfalfa during drought, or periods of limited irrigation, all of which apply whether or not the alfalfa is drought stressed (Lauriault et al., 2009). Most of these will be more related to stand longevity – helping the alfalfa to ride out the drought and still likely be productive once water is available again. The points covered in this session are: 1) Harvest Management; 2) Variety Selection; 3) Fertility; 4) Weed Management; 5) Water Management... L. Lauriault |
64. Managing Potassium for Organic Crop ProductionAn adequate potassium (K) supply is essential for both organic and conventional crop production. Various organic certification agencies have different regulations governing allowable sources of K. The release of K from soil minerals is discussed along with the behavior of various allowed K sources for organic crop production. ... R. Mikkelsen |
65. Manure Treatments Change Nitrogen Cycling in Soils Receiving Repeated Applications of Dairy-wastesOur objective was to assess effects of treated dairy-waste on soil N pools, nitrification, plant N availability, and yield in a silage cornfield treated with ammonium sulfate (AS), dairy-waste compost (DC) or liquid dairy-waste (LW) as N sources at two levels of application over 5 years. Increases in soil C and N, nitrate and available P and K were observed for the DC treated soils throughout the 5-year period. Soil organic C increases for the high-level DC treated soil doubled the C pool res... J. Norton, M. Habteselassie, J. Stark, B. Miller |
66. Measured and Predicted Temporal Changes in Soil Nitrate-n Levels from Late Summer to Early Spring in MontanaMost soil sampling is conducted from August to November in Montana because of better soil sampling conditions and because it provides more time for growers to make fertilizer decisions prior to application. Fertilizer guidelines in Montana are based on spring nitrate-N levels in the upper 2 ft because they are more indicative of growing season available N than fall nitrate-N levels. It is not known how much nitrate-N levels change between late summer and spring, nor is it known what factors a... C. Jones, A. Lenssen, C. Chen, K. Mcvay, B. Stougaard, M. Westcott, J. Eckhoff, J. Weeding, M. Greenwood |
67. Micro-nutrients in Alfalfa Production: is There Need/opportunity for Cost Effective Management?The management of soil fertility for optimum alfalfa productivity requires that all nutrient-related limitations be manipulated where warranted and cost-effective. It has been the policy of the Utah State University Analytical Laboratory to not promote soil testing for micronutrient sufficiency based on a lack of general need, historically, for nutrients such as sulfur, boron, zinc and others. This study undertook to accomplish two things, 1) to provide an initial inventory of micro... G. Cardon, J. Barnhill, M. Pace, C. Israelsen, D. Miner, L. Greenhalgh, S. Banks, M. Shao, D. Rothlisberger, S. Olsen, P. Hole |
68. New Tools in Soil and Manure Test Information Interpretation in UtahAn effort is underway to update the USU Analytical Laboratory’s (USUAL) procedures and data presentation/interpretation capabilities. Modern database management tools and analytical instruments have, in many cases, gone under-exploited in reducing sample turn-around time, in improving data dissemination and interpretation, and in providing research and extension personnel with access to comprehensive historical and current trend data on soil fertility, and manure and plant analysis.... G. Cardon, J. Kotuby-amacher |
69. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertigation on PearsAvoiding over-application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers and increasing N and P use efficiency on pear orchards have significant benefits on pear productivity and the environment. Split fertigation of N and P fertilizers and banding application of N and P fertilizers may increase the use efficiency of applied N and P fertilizers compared with our current N and P management system -- single broadcasting application of dry N and P fertilizers to the soil surface. A field experim... F. Yin, C. Seavert, J. Bai |
70. Nitrogen and Phosphorus: Mechanisms of Loss from the Soil System and Effects to Slow Those Losses and Increase Plant AvailabilityNutrient management issues associated with production agriculture are becoming more of a concern and a focal point of discussion. Management considerations are no longer focused on just meeting yield goals or improved crop performance, but now include questions on how their use on agriculture lands impacts surface water, watersheds, soil quality, long-term health benefits and economic viability for the producer. ... T. Tindall, G. Mooso |
71. Nitrogen Cycling and Partitioning Under Alternative Organic Orchard Floor Management StrategiesOrganic orchard systems are a significant and growing component of Washington State agriculture, yet sustainable methods of nitrogen (N) fertility and weed management remain a challenge. Nutrient supply is dependent on decomposition and mineralization of organic matter, yet intensive cultivation commonly used to control weeds can disrupt biological processes and cause loss of organic matter. To address the often-competing goals of organic fertility and weed control, a number of alternative or... L. Carpenter-boggs, D. Granatstein, J. Reganold, L. Hoagland, M. Mazzola, F. Peryea, J. Smith |
72. Nitrogen Dynamics in Conventional, Reduced Tillage and Organic Irrigated Systems: Results of a Four-year Experiment in WyomingSoil nitrogen (N) is critically important for crop production. A field experiment was conducted in eastern Wyoming to evaluate soil mineralizable (mineralized in 14 days incubation) and inorganic N contents as influenced by conventional, organic and reduced-tillage management approaches for cash-crop and forage production in eastern Wyoming. Soil samples were collected from all treatments (2 production systems x 3 management approaches) during 2009-2012 and analyzed for soil mineralizable and... R. Ghimire, J. Norton |
73. Nitrogen Management in BlueberriesThree field trials were conducted in Corvallis, OR from 2006 to 2011 to evaluate nitrogen (N) fertilizer practices for establishment of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). In the first trial, planted in April 2006, we compared the effects of N fertigation (injection of fertilizer through a drip system) to conventional granular fertilizer application in ‘Bluecrop’ blueberry and found that fertigation produced more growth and less salt injury in young plants than gran... D. Bryla, O. Vargas |
74. Nitrogen Management in WheatYields for current wheat varieties are quickly approaching 200 bu/a in high yielding environments. There are many approaches to managing nitrogen in wheat production systems using a variety of products on the market today. Urea, ESN, Agrotain, Arborite, DCD and many other nitrogen products are available for making sound agronomic decisions. Once the wheat plant is grown at about Fekes 7.0 there is the quandary of making protein when hard red winters or DNS types are grown. Choices become endl... D. Howneck |
75. Nitrogen Timing for Boot Stage Triticale Forage Yield and Phosphorus UptakeOptimal N timing for boot stage winter triticale forage production and phosphorus (P) removal is not well established. Irrigated winter triticale in low and relatively high Olsen P soil was treated with six rates of fall pre-plant N and two rates of late winter N at Parma in 2006 and 2007. Triticale boot stage biomass, protein, nitrate-N, P concentrations, and P uptake and were determined. Fall preplant N increased forage production and frequently produced more boot stage triticale biomass. I... B. Brown |
76. Nitrogen Transformations in Flooded Agroecosystems: a Case Study with Taro (Colocassia Esculenta)Wetland agriculture covers an estimated 170 million ha and contributes significantly to global food supply. Nitrogen fertilizers are subject to numerous potential transformation pathways in flooded systems. The present research was focused on improving our understanding of N transformations in a flooded agricultural system by addressing the following two broad objectives: 1) determine whether the presence of anammox bacteria and its activity contribute significantly to N losses, and 2) evalua... J. Deenik, C. Penton, B. Popp, G. Bruland, P. Engstrom, J. Mueller, J. Tiedje |
77. No-till Grain Production in Wyoming: Status and PotentialIn dryland cropping systems, optimal yields require that nutrient supply matches the soil’s yield potential supported by available moisture. Conservation tillage systems that leave at least 30 percent of the soil surface covered by residue dramatically increase moisture retained in the soil compared to crop-fallow systems. This enables producers to plant two, three, or four consecutive crops, or continuously, without fallow, but water and nutrient needs are much more closely balanced wi... J. Norton |
78. Non-destructive Measurement of Perennial Crop N StatusLittle research has been conducted to evaluate the use on hand-held leaf meters as tools to assess plant N status in perennial crops. In this study, using replicated N rate plots in place for up to four years, we used two hand-held leaf meters (the Minolta SPAD meter and the Field Spec CM1000) to monitor tissue N status in apple and one meter (CM1000 only) in wine grape. In both crops, relationships were found between leaf meter readings and both fertilizer N rate as well as tissue N concentr... J. Davenport, R. Stevens, E. Perry |
79. Nutrient Cycling in Effluent-irrigated Soil (Mollisol) Planted to Tropical Grasses in a Tropical Island EnvironmentDairy producers accumulate large quantities of effluent in lagoons. Lagoons occasionally overflow causing the nutrients and other contaminants in effluent to pollute the land and water bodies. Alternative uses of effluent are, therefore, urgently needed for a sustainable and environment-friendly dairy production. This study determined the sustainable effluent application rate and assessed the effects of effluent irrigation on plant and soil (Cumulic Haplustoll) properties. Five tropical grass... R. Valencia-gica, R. Yost, G. Porter, R. Pattnaik |
80. Nutrient Efficiency Concepts for Phosphorus and PotassiumTwo measures of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) efficiency that are of interest to producers are agronomic efficiency (AE) and partial nutrient balance (PNB). Agronomic efficiency considers crop response to a nutrient addition while PNBmeasures nutrient removal to nutrient use. Proper evaluation of AE requires long term monitoring. A single, large application of P or K can, over many years, result in an AE similar to smaller, annual applications. A larger initial dose will inc... T. Murrell |
81. Nutrient Management in PecansIn the desert southwest, commercial pecan growers routinely apply supplemental nitrogen and zinc. Only 40% routinely apply phosphorus, and fewer use boron, iron, and copper. To evaluate nitrogen requirement, rates ranging from 130 to 390 lbs N/a were applied for three seasons in a mature orchard. Nitrogen treatments had little effect on leaf nitrogen concentrations, tree growth, or nut yield. The lower rate of nitrogen application was sufficient to keep leaf nitrogen levels in the sufficient ... J. Walworth |
82. On-farm Trials and StatisticsNew technologies have made on-farm research easier to do. On-farm research networks exist in several states and are also being run by some national programs. These networks are becoming more common. University and/or government agency scientists and educators typically provide statistical expertise. Historical guidance for experimental design has focused on the randomized complete block design (RCBD). Statistical analyses that can be run easily are for an RCBD conducted in one site and one ye... T. Murrell |
83. Optical Sensing for Nitrogen ManagementAlthough nitrogen (N) nutrition is as or more important than other nutrients, it has been largely ignored by those applying variable rate fertilizer (VRF) due to its loss potential for VRF applications that occur many weeks prior to crop need. Applications of N are best applied as close to crop uptake as possible in order to avoid leaching, denitrification, and other losses. Spatial variability for crop N need is often considerable due to differences in yield potential and, to a lesser degree... B. Hopkins, S. Stephens, A. Shiffler |
84. Organic Management Improves Soil Health and Strawberry Nutritive ValueSoils and strawberries from 13 matched pairs of organically and conventionally managed fields were assessed over two years. Available plant nutrients were generally similar under organic and conventional management except that organically managed soils contained more available Zn and B. Soil C, N, and biological parameters were much greater under organic management. Organically produced strawberries matched by variety were smaller and had greater dry matter content than conventionally produce... L. Carpenter-boggs, J. Reganold, J. Reeve, P. Andrews |
85. Permanent Crops - Nutrient ManagementIn California, environmental regulations are rapidly expanding and moving into new areas of concern at a very rapid pace. Most recent requirements are based primarily on nitrogen and how it fits into a Nutrient Management Program (NMP). CCAs are being asked to assist growers in controlling nitrogen use to reduce/avoid its discharge to the environment. The Regional Water Quality Control Board of California classifies a discharge as lateral movement to surface waters or movement past the root s... K. Backman |
86. Phosphorus and Organic Acid Bonding Enhances Uptake Efficiency in Crop PlantsPhosphorus (P) fertilizer is essential for crop production, but reductions are warranted to conserve resources and minimize environmental impacts. Several lab, glasshouse, growth chamber, and field studies have been performed over the past five years with a new P fertilizer (Carbond P; CBP; Land View Fertilizer, Rupert, ID, USA) in calcareous, low OM soil. This presentation will be a review of that data. Studies comparing CBP to ammonium polyphosphate (APP) applied to soil show season-long in... B. Hopkins, T. Blair, M. Hill, C. Ransom |
87. Phosphorus and Zinc Interactions in PotatoPotato production requires high soil phosphorus (P) application with potential negative environmental and nutrient uptake effects. Impacts of high available P on species in potato cropping rotations are not adequately understood, nor have the causes of reduced yield and quality from excess P been fully explored. Antagonistic interactions with cationic micronutrients such as zinc (Zn) are plausible explanations. Two hydroponic experiments were conducted with Burbank potato to elucidate P and Z... B. Webb, B. Hopkins, J. Ellsworth, S. Barben, B. Nichols, V. Jolley |
88. Phosphorus Dynamics and Wheat Response to Applied P in a Spatially Variable Environment1Considerable spatial and temporal variability exists in soil chemical and physical properties across farm landscapes in eastern Washington State. The purpose of this research is to investigate changes in P mineralogy across the Palouse landscape and ultimately to determine the influence of mineralogy on plant-available P and fertilizer P responses at different landscape positions. Soil samples were collected from landscape positions with varying soil pH and soil test P concentrations. Mineral... R. Koenig |
89. Phosphorus Dynamics in Organic Matter-amended SoilsGenerally, phosphorus (P) is considered immobile in calcareous soils. Yet, numerous studies have found that the addition of organic wastes (e.g. manures) can enhance P mobility in these soils. We believe that the soluble organic matter present in these wastes increases P solubility by inhibiting the sorption of inorganic P on soil colloidal surfaces and subsequently preventing the formation of insoluble calcium phosphates. This results in increased P bioavailability. Likewise, tests used to a... P. Grossl, R. Koenig, C. Jones, S. Trolove |
90. Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Crop ProductionThe limited availability of phosphorus (P) in calcareous and acidic soils can be a major factor that limits crop production. The objectives of this study were to investigate the mobility and availability of P from monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) fertilizers alone and with AVAIL, a fertilizer enhancement product. Two different soil types were used to examine the relationship between P reaction products and available P. Soils were incuba... G. Mooso, T. Tindall, G. Hettiarachchi |
91. Phytomanagement of Soluble Selenium and Production of Biofuel and Biofortified New ProductsIn many areas of the western US, excessive concentrations of soluble selenium (Se) in the environment can cause Se toxicity to biological organisms. The use of green plants to manage the soluble Se content in soils by plant uptake and biological volatilization has been considered as a cost-effective strategy. Importantly, the development of economically feasible remediation systems will encourage more widespread implementation of an integrated phytomanagement technology. The objective of this... G. Banuelos |
92. Phytosiderophore Exudation from the Roots of Iron Stressed Kentucky BluegrassSome Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L., KBG) cultivars are susceptible to iron (Fe) deficiency chlorosis when grown on calcareous soils and are routinely treated with Fe fertilizers. Aesthetics could be improved and this costly practice could potentially be eliminated with the use of cultivars resistant to Fe deficiency. Grasses are known to release phytosiderophore into the rhizosphere to dissolve Fe for plant use, and this characteristic has been used to screen for resistan... B. Hopkins, E. Buxton, V. Jolley, R. Christensen |
93. Polymer Coated Urea (Duration) in Turfgrass: Impacts on Mowing, Visual, and Loss to EnvironmentFall and spring applied N fertilizer trials were conducted over two years in an effort to determine if various slow and controlled release N fertilizers were equivalent to traditional urea and to determine if a reduced rate of controlled release N could be used for improved N use efficiency. An unfertilized control was compared to sulfur coated urea (SCU), polymer and sulfur coated urea (XCU), polymer coated urea (Duration 75 or 125; DR) at 50, 75, and 100% (full) rate, and urea either applie... B. Hopkins, L. Sutton, C. Ransom, T. Blair, J. Moody, K. Manning, S. Bergsten |
94. Polymer Coated Urea (ESN): Impacts on Potato Crop and N LossesPotato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production is sensitive to a steady, adequate supply of nitrogen (N). Synergistically optimizing grower profits while maximizing N use efficiency (NUE) is critical to conserve nonrenewable natural resources used to manufacture N fertilizer and minimize N pollution to water and the atmosphere. Polymer coated urea (PCU, Environmentally Smart N or ESN®) is one type of N fertilizer which uses temperature-controlled diffusion to control N release to better match p... B. Hopkins, C. Ransom, T. Taysom, J. Lemonte |
95. Polymer Coated Urea in Potato ProductionNitrogen (N) is the most important mineral nutrient in potato (Solanum tuberosum) production. Studies show a steady, but not excessive, supply of N is important for maximum tuber yield, size, and solids, as well as minimal internal and external defects. Although more costly and labor intensive dry broadcast applications, growers typically apply the majority of N through the irrigation water in-season in order to maximize yield components. A controlled release N fertilizer, in the form of poly... B. Hopkins, T. Taysom, A. Shiffler, S. Stephens |
96. Polymer Coated Urea: Impacts on Water/air Quality with Surface Applicaton to Permanent SodNitrogen (N) is the most commonly used fertilizer and is essential to sustain the world’s populations. However, inherent inefficiencies in the soil-plant system result in losses of N to air and water, which can result in environmental quality problems. Two permanent sod turfgrass sites were fertilized with coated and uncoated urea and compared to an unfertilized control at 224 lb-N/ac. The polymer coated urea (PCU) was Duration 45 CR®. Fertilization resulted in increased growth and ... B. Hopkins, J. Lemonte, J. Summerhays, V. Jolley |
97. Precision N Management: Field-scale Application of N Efficiency Indices in WheatPreliminary evaluation of precision agricultural technologies showed that on-combine grain yield and protein monitors show promise as useful tools to characterize site- specific variations in crop performance. Variable rate applicators were shown to be proficient at achieving targeted site-specific application goals. First year comparisons of uniform versus precision N management in hard red winter wheat showed that similar yield and protein goals were met with 20% less applied N in the field... D. Huggins |
98. Predicting Phosphorus Runoff from Calcareous SoilsStudies have shown that as extractable soil P levels increase, runoff P levels also increase. This relationship has been found on many different soils, but tends to be unique for each soil series. Very little research exists evaluating this relationship in calcareous soils. The objectives of this study were to determine soil series specific relationships between soil test phosphorus (STP) and runoff P for three calcareous soils, to compare the use of different soil extractants for runoff P pr... J. G. davis, R. Schierer, J. Zumbrunnen |
99. Predicting Plant-available Nitrogen Release from Cover Crop ResiduesImproved methods are needed to estimate the timing and amount of plant- available N (PAN) release from cover crops. The OSU Organic Fertilizer and Cover Crop Calculator, a downloadable spreadsheet tool, assists agricultural professionals in estimating N fertilizer replacement value of organic inputs. We conducted a series of laboratory incubations with cover crop biomass incorporated into soil to determine: (i) speed of PAN release, (ii) amount of PAN release, and (iii) robustness of the OSU ... D. Sullivan, N. Andrews, R. Datta, K. Pool |
100. Recent Advances in P Fertilizer Technologies—polymer Coatings and Avail TechnologyPhosphorus fertilizers are an essential part of plant production and have been recognized as such for well over 100 years. Phosphorus utilization by crops is related to both soil availability as well as an individual plants metabolic process that allows P to be taken up by a plant as well as utilized for a wide variety of developmental processes. ... T. Tindall |
101. Reducing Dairy Effluent Phosphorus Content Through Struvite ProductionForced precipitation of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate, MgNH4PO46H2O) in wastewater treatment has recently received increased attention as a method of phosphorus (P) recycling. Dairy lagoon P concentrations can be lowered, and the recovered struvite has the potential to be marketed and used as a fertilizer. Struvite may even be useful in organic production on calcareous soils, where rock P (PR) is not an option. A new organic treatment method, based on an exis... J. G. davis, J. Ippolito, M. Massey, R. Sheffield |
102. Reducing Nutrient Losses in Runoff from Furrow IrrigationFew studies have comprehensively examined nutrient losses in runoff from furrow-irrigated fields, but the rising cost of fertilizer and finite nature of the resource encourages further research. A 2-yr experiment measured runoff losses of sediment, particulate P and N, and dissolved NO3-N, NH4-N, K, and reactive P (DRP) from fertilized, manured, or non-amended fields. Average nutrient losses were substantial, including 15.6 lbs ac-1 yr-1 dissolved N, P, and K and 73.6 lbs ac- 1 ... R. Lentz, D. Westermann, G. Lehrsch |
103. Regional Water Board Impacts on Vegetable Production in CaliforniaMore than 300,000 ha of vegetable crops are produced annually in the coastal valleys of central California. In these valleys vegetable production dominates the landscape, and since most fields produce two or more crops per year the annual fertilizer input is very high. Not surprisingly, environmentally problematic levels of soluble phosphorus in surface waters, and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) in both surface- and groundwater, are common. The Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (WQ... T. Hartz |
104. Reliability of Soil and Plant Analyses for Making Nutrient RecommendationsNutrient management is dependent on the collection of soil and plant samples for analytical testing and assessment. The quality of the analytical test are subject to bias and precision of the measurements made by the testing laboratory. Failure to understand lab analyses uncertainty can lead to over confidence in the management recommendation. Test uncertainty varies by soil and plant test methods utilized and by performance capability of the testing laboratory. Generally soil methods that pr... R. Miller |
105. Remote Sensing of Corn N Status with Active SensorsDetermining in-season corn (Zea mays L.) nitrogen (N) variability has been a research focus of agronomists for quite some time. One of the methods currently available to determine N variability in corn is remote sensing. Studies have shown that remotely sensed imagery can detect N variability in corn. However, this method can have some limitations, such as the timeliness in which this imagery can be acquired. Hand-held active remote sensing devices may overcome these limitations... D. Westfall, R. Khosla, T. Shaver |
106. Remote Sensing of Grape K Deficiency Symptoms Using Leaf Level Hyperspectral ReflectancePotassium (K) is an important nutrient for grape because it sustains charge neutrality during organic acid transport, is a major ion involved in osmoregulation and stomatal function and contributes to pH status in grapes and wines. We assessed the utility of a number of vegetation indexes for detection of K deficiency symptoms in a commercial vineyard of Vitis vinifera cv Pinot Noir. A hyperspectral field spectroradiometer for the 350-2500 nm spectral region was used to measure light reflecta... D. Smart, M. Whiting, C. Stockert |
107. Removing Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Fecal Coliform from Dairy Effluent Using Multi-soil-layer (Msl) SystemsDairy effluent disposal has long been a concern in Hawaii. Dairies often establish multiple lagoons to accumulate and store effluent. Occasionally, the lagoons overflow leading to the transfer of nutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and other contaminants such as pathogenic bacteria to surface, subsurface, and coastal waters. The objective of this study was to quantify the effectiveness of MSL systems in removing inorganic nitrogen, phosphate, and fecal indicator organisms (Fec... R. Yost, R. Pattnaik, G. Porter |
108. Residual Phosphorus Effects on Alfalfa Seed Pollination and ProductionHigher available P that increases alfalfa biomass reportedly reduces alfalfa seed yield due to poorer pollinator visitation. Available P effects were evaluated in a three year (2004-06) study with in-row plant spacing (12”, 24”, 36” and 48”) at Parma, ID to investigate the mechanism for the yield decline. Plots differing in residual P from previously applied P were further enriched with 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100 lb P/A. Plots were split in the last year and a mix of foliar... B. Brown, J. Barbour |
109. Residual Soil Nitrate and Potato Yield with Polymer Coated UreaPotato (Solanum tuberosum L.) requires steady, but not excessive nitrogen (N) supply for maximum tuber yield, size, and solids, as well as minimal internal and external defects. Although more costly and labor intensive than dry broadcast applications, growers typically apply a majority of N via fertigation. A controlled release N fertilizer, polymer coated urea (PCU), is a possible alternative to this growers’ standard practice. A newly formulated PCU may meet plant demand... B. Webb, B. Hopkins, J. Lemonte, T. Taysom, V. Jolley |
110. Seasonal Water Distribution in a Drip-irrigated Cabernet Sauvignon VineyardSeasonal irrigation is vital to sustainable production of wine grapes in inland Washington. Without supplemental irrigation there is not enough rainfall during summer months to sustain plant health and productivity. Our 5 year project evaluates the effects of several regulated deficit irrigation treatments on soil water distribution throughout the growing season and the subsequent effects on yield and fruit quality in both Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) and Concord grapes; with a focus on wine grape... J. Davenport, J. Stout |
111. Sheep Grazing Effect on Dryland Soil Carbon and Nitrogen in the Wheat-fallow SystemWeed control by sheep grazing during fallow periods in the dryland wheat-fallow system may influence soil C and N levels. The effects of fallow management for weed control and soil water conservation [sheep grazing (grazing), herbicide application (chemical), and tillage (mechanical)] and cropping sequence [continuous spring wheat (CSW), spring wheat-fallow (SW-F), and winter wheat- fallow (WW-F)] on wheat biomass (stems + leaves) yield and soil organic C (SOC) and total N (STN) at the 0-120 ... A. Lenssen, U. Sainju, H. Goosey, E. Snyder, P. Hatfield |
112. Sidedress Nitrogen Management in Lima BeansDifferent rates of sidedress nitrogen were applied to bush baby lima beans, with and without starter fertilizer and rhizobia inoculant in Yolo County, CA in 2012. Results documented that the use of starter fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus, and zinc) significantly enhanced yields compared to control plots without starter fertilizer. Use of rhizobia inoculant at planting did not result in enhanced yields compared with no inoculant. Sidedressing with ammonium sulfate at 20, 40, 60 and 80 lbs/acr... R. Long, R. Meyer |
113. Slow Release N for Irrigated Hard Red Spring Wheat Yield and ProteinProducing furrow irrigated hard red wheat with acceptable protein is challenging because of limited N management options for increasing protein. Slow release N has potential for improving N use efficiency in furrow irrigated hard wheat by avoiding the effects of excessive early season N yet providing later N for protein enhancement. A two year study (2005 and 2006) was conducted at Parma, ID to evaluate different N rates (120, 180 and 240 lb/A) of ESN and dry urea preplant N sources for furro... B. Brown, R. Gibson |
114. Soil and Plant Analysis: How They Fit into a “Green” Nutrient Management ProgramEnvironmental concerns are changing the face of agricultural fertilization across the nation and world. Both nitrogen and phosphorus have become the major concerns in this area with other nutrients, salts, and chemicals being discussed for future regulations. The focus of environmental regulation depends on the characteristics of different geographical regions. Soil, water, and tissue analyses are needed to meet application requirements as regulatory documents are being drafted and implemente... K. Backman |
115. Soil Characteristics of New Mexico Vineyards: Management ImplicationsA growing viticulture industry in New Mexico has sparked a need to establish best management practices for the climate and soil conditions present across the state. A survey of soil and water characteristics in established New Mexico vineyards was performed so that appropriate management strategies could be developed and limitations could be identified. Soil nitrogen levels varied from low to high indicating potential problems. Plant tissue testing needs to be included in a phosphorus nutriti... R. Flynn |
116. Soil Copper Thresholds for Potato ProductionA rising concern with the application of dairy wastes to agricultural fields is the accumulation of copper (Cu) in the soil. Copper sulfate (CuSO4) from cattle footbaths is washed out of dairy barns and into wastewater lagoons. The addition of CuSO4 baths on dairies can increase Cu concentration significantly in manure slurry. The Cu-enriched dairy waste is then applied to agricultural crops, thus raising concerns about how soils and plants are impacted by these Cu additions. Repeated applica... A. Moore, M. Satterwhite, J. Ippolito |
117. Soil Phosphorus Availability Differences Between Sprinkler and Furrow IrrigationWater flowing in irrigation furrows detaches and transports soil particles and subsequently nutrients such as phosphorus (P). To reduce the risk of erosion and offsite P transport, producers in south-central Idaho have been converting from furrow to sprinkler irrigation. We completed research on soil P dynamics in furrow versus sprinkler irrigated soils from four paired-fields in the region. Surface soils (0-2.5 inches) were obtained from fields in September following barley harvest. Furrow i... J. Ippolito, D. Bjorneberg |
118. Soil Testing to Improve Phosphorus Management on Intensive Vegetable Farms in HawaiiAccording to a recent survey of soil samples sent to the Agricultural Diagnostic Service Center (ADSC) at the University of Hawaii between October 2002 and September 2003, a majority of the samples showed soil test P (STP) levels in the high or excessive categories. Despite high soil test P, many farmers in Hawaii continue to apply P fertilizers. We began a project to evaluate soil P status on a range of vegetable farms throughout the state, to determine crop response to P fertilizers on soil... J. Deenik, S. Fukuda, R. Hamasaki, R. Shimabuku, R. Uchida |
119. Soil Zinc Application for Southwestern PecanPecan trees grown in the alkaline soils of the southwestern United States are prone to zinc deficiency unless supplemental zinc is regularly applied. Standard treatment involves multiple foliar zinc applications. Soil zinc application would provide several advantages. A field study was initiated in 2005 with three soil zinc treatments: no zinc (control), ZnSO4 (74 kg.ha-1 Zn), or ZnEDTA (19 kg.ha-1 Zn) were applied one time in March, 2005 in bands 18 cm deep and 1.2 m on both s... J. Walworth, A. Pond, H. Nunez, B. Wood, M. Kilby |
120. Spatial and Temporal Variability in Wine Grape NutrientsLittle work has been done to address the extent of spatial and temporal variability in nutrients in wine grape vineyards. In this study, we assessed soil and plant nutrient distribution on a per vine basis, both spatially and temporally across two vineyards, a Ruby Cabernet vineyard in Sunraysia and a Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard in Coonawarra. Petiole tissue was collected at two growth stages: flowering and veraison. Berry tissue was collected at harvest. All samples were analyzed for the pla... J. Davenport, R. Bramley |
121. Stratified Nutrient and Soil pH Education and Demonstration ProjectColumbia County Washington is in the foothills of the Blue Mountain Range and the edge of the Palouse wheat country. The farming region soils are mostly a rich silt loam having a rainfall ranging from 10 inches in the north at the Snake River to 25 inches next to the Blue Mountains. About 90% of the cropping systems have migrated to some variation of conservation or reduced tillage. This has been good for the management of soil erosion but earlier intense soil sampling indicates that it may h... P. Carter |
122. The Dos and Don’ts of High Residue Farming in the Irrigated Far West... A. Mcguire |
123. The Use of Biochar As a Fertility Amendment in Tropical SoilsBiochars made from modern pyrolysis methods have attracted widespread attention as potential soil amendments to improve plant productivity in the infertile soils of the tropics. Feedstock and pyrolysis conditions affect the physico-chemical properties of biochar with important implications for soil fertility and plant growth. Specifically, biochar volatile matter (VM) significantly affect soil inorganic nitrogen (N) status and ash content impacts soil elemental composition and pH. This paper ... J. Deenik, T. Mcclellan |
124. Tillage Effects on Phosphorus AvailabilityVertical stratification of phosphorus (P) has been documented in both no-till and reduced tillage systems, yet very few studies have determined if this stratification has affected P uptake, and none of these studies have been conducted in Montana. Stratification of P was compared in 1.2 in layers in a small plot study composed of four tillage systems: long-term conventional (sweep) till (CT), 10-yr no-till (NT), 1-yr NT and 1-yr CT. Olsen P was measured in the upper 12 in., and a sequential e... C. Jones, K. Neill, C. Chen, E. Allison |
125. Urea and Ammonia Volatilization in Dryland Grass Seed Systems1The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of grass seed production conditions and management practices on NH3 volatilization, Kentucky bluegrass seed yields and N recovery from urea. Laboratory incubations suggest the potential for NH3 volatilization is greater from stands in which post-harvest residue is baled and removed than from stands in which residue is burned. Both burned and unburned stands have a surface pH > 7.9, although pH declined with time in the burne... R. Koenig, C. Proctor, W. Johnston, C. Golob |
126. Use of Non-replicated Observations and Farm Trials for Guiding Nutrient Management DecisionsReplication or repetition is the means by which experimental error is estimated in replicated trials. In farm trials, it is sometimes not possible to replicate demonstration and test plots due to manageability and costs. In these situations, non-replicated observations and on-farm trials are used. In addition, nutrient response studies are often needed to calibrate the fertilizer requirement of a field. In this paper, we will define on-farm trials and observations, discuss the nature and unde... S. Machado, K. Girma |
127. Using Irrigation Nitrogen Credits for Grain CropsNitrogen contamination of surface and groundwater is not uncommon in many areas of the U.S. and Colorado is no exception. Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) in groundwater is the most common form of plant available nitrogen (N), especially in shallow, alluvial aquifers in areas with intensive irrigated agriculture. When utilized as a primary irrigation water supply, this nitrate can contribute a significant portion of a crop’s N supply. Crediting water nitrate is part of Colorado N fertilizer rec... T. Bauder, R. Waskom |
128. Utilizing Food Processing By-products As a Soil Amendment: Soil Nutrient AvailabilityWe studied the impact of food processing by-products which contain high moisture content, low pH, high total dissolved salts, and trace elements. The primary goal of this project was to develop best management practices for sustainable reuse of food processing by-products as a soil amendment on California farmlands. Quantifying soil nutrient availability from these by-products is critical to growers to carefully establish fertilizer replacement value to improve their crop nutrient use efficie... S. Pasakdee, N. Dellavalle |
129. Variability of Manure Nutrient Content and Implications for Manure Sampling ProtocolThe variability of manure nutrient levels within and across farms makes manure sampling and development of reliable tabular values challenging. The chemical characteristics of beef, dairy, horse, sheep, and chicken solid manures in Colorado were evaluated by sampling six to ten different livestock operations for each manure type and comparing the results to values found in the literature. Due to the semi-arid climate of Colorado, manure tends to be drier and have lower ammonium (NH4-N) levels... J. G. davis, K. Iversen, M. Vigil |
130. Waxy Barley: N Applications for Yield, Beta-glucan, and ProteinNitrogen fertilizer (N) management was evaluated for growing irrigated waxy barley for higher protein and beta-glucan soluble fiber content. A local company has proposed the building of a barley fractionation plant to capitalize on these value-added traits. Salute and Merlin, two spring waxy barley cultivars, were fall-planted to compare yield and quality under different N treatments applied in late winter and at heading and to evaluate ethephon to reduce lodging. Fairly normal winter weather... S. Norberg, B. Brown, C. Shock, A. Ross, P. Hayes, J. Rey |